INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING
What is computer Networking?
Computer networking is connecting a computer with other computer or other device to enable them to communicate with each other.
It can be :
- computer device/equipment
- transmission media to send/control data/signals
- communication device to transmit/send data from sources to destination
- software.
Computer Networking
types of LAN based on geographic coverage
- LAN - Local Area Network
- MAN - Metropolitan Area Network
- WAN - Wide Area Network
1.Local Area Network (LAN)
computer network that interconnects computer in a limited area such as home, school, computer laboratory, and office building.
2.Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
computer network that usually spans a city or a large campus.usually interconnect a number of local area network using a high-capacity backbone technology.
3.Wide Area Network (WAN)
telecommunication network that cover a broad area (i.e., any network that links across metropolitan, regional or national boundaries).
Network Component
can be categories into
- Terminal, workstation, computers and other devices.
- Transmission data (for transmiting data and control signal)
- Network electronics (intermediate devices for routing data from source to destination)
- Software to control data transmission.
- Network architecture standard (standards to enable devices made by different companies to work/communicate with each other)
1.Terminal and workstation
- normally refers to data sources and destination.
- (e.g. personal computer, terminals, workstation, computers, Automatic Teller Machines (ATM) etc)
2.Transmission Media
the physical media used to transmit data in a networked environment.
to transmit signal/electrical pulse through a medium.
2 types :
- bounded media - (twisted pair wire, co-axial cable, fibre optic cables)
- unbounded media - (AM and FM radio, TV broadcasting, satelite communication, infrared signals)
3.Network electronic devices
- devices that control data transmission from sources to destination.
- also act as interface between defferent transmission media or communication protocol.
- (e.g. Hub, Router, Switch, bridge, gateway)
4.Software
- the information, data or programming used to make it possible for computers to communicate or connect to one another.
- used to efficiently share information among computers.
- At the nodes : involve techniques and protocols to determine rules and procedure to transmit , terminate, translate and to present data and also to control errors.
- to ensure data reach the destinations.
5.Network Architecture Standard
- Architecture: blueprint of standards for a network consisting of items such as choice of media, media interfaces, encoding methods, transmission protocols, routing protocols, etc.
- Needed to ensure interoperability between various devices and equipment made by different vendors.
Uses of computer network
1.Company
- Resource sharing (information/data/devices)
- no time constrain - accesible anytime.
- high reability
- Networks allow effective implementation of complex distributed systems that must work together (cooperate).Eg., combination of mainframes, workstations, PC’s, networked storage and networked printers.
- Provide access to needed resources from anywhere at anytime.
- Support collaborative group work independent of location.
2.Individual
>Database access
- bank/other institution
- online shopping
- online news paper
- online job/telecommunicating
- digital libraries
>communicate with friends/other
- video conference
- new group/discussion
- virtual learning
>interactive entertainment
- multimedia games
- video or demands
Data transmission
communicaton networks can provide many type of service
1.simplex
2.duplex
- half duplex
- full duplex
1.simplex
- One way communications.
- Data travels in single direction only i.e door bell etc.
- Relatively uncommon in computer communications.
2.duplex
half duplex
- Data can travel in either direction but only in one direction at a time.
- USB devices are half duplex.
full duplex
- Data can moves in both directions at he same time, such as with a telephones.
- Ideal for hardware devices that need to pass large amount of data between each other.
- Many networks and most internet connections are full duplex.
Duplex links are classified as either full duplex or half duplex (also known as two way alternate), depending upon whether both local and remote nodes may simultaneously transmit, or whether one must wait for the other to finish before starting transmission.
Network devices : Local Area Network
- NIC (Network Interface Card)
- Media (Network cable)
- Hub/Repeaters
- Server
- Workstations
- NOS (Network operating Software) - server
- NCS (Network Client Software) - workstation
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